考生注意：所有答案必须写在答题纸（卷）上，写在本试题上一律不给分。

I. Vocabulary & Grammar (30%) 

Directions: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

1. People and things that are__________ are able to recover easily and quickly from unpleasant or damaging events.

   A. resilient    B. silient     C. silent    D. resilent

2. We all got a pay rise this month, but there is __________—we are expected to work longer.

A. the sting in the tail               B. a sting in the tail 

C. the sting at the top               D. a sting at the top

3. In education, girls, who were once considered __________a decent education, now outstrip their male counterparts at almost every stage.

A. more worthy of   B. less worthy of  C. more worth   D. less worth

4. He's jogging round the park every morning in an effort to __________the football season.

A. fit of    B. fit for    C. get fit for    D. get fit of

5. A liberal arts college aims to impart a broad general knowledge and develop general   __________capacities, in contrast to a professional, vocational, or technical curriculum.

A. intellectual      B. intelligent     C. intellect     D. intelligible

6. Mr. Rajoy has __________ a Socialist proposal to set up a congressional committee to discuss constitutional reform.

A. agreed with    B. agreed to      C. agreed on    D agreed

7. The names of the finalists are__________: Mary, James, and George.

A. as following    B. as follows    C. following    D. as follow

8. The man as well as his ten children __________ leaving soon.

   A. is    B. are    C. has    D. have

9. John Joseph Pershing __________in 1919, the first highest rank held by any American citizen except George Washington.

A. to be a full general        B. he made a full general

C. made a full general        D. was being made a full general

10. It is the mark of an educated mind to rest __________ with the degree of precision which the nature of the subject __________ and not to seek exactness where only an approximation is possible.

A. fitfully ... allows             B. contentedly ... rejects 

C. convivially ...assumes         D. satisfiedly... admits

11. It is odd that many philosophers argue in support of meritocracy that a person's worth to society is measured by their wealth, when instead people’s __________ should be measured by their __________ to society.

A. character ...value              B. affluence ... contribution

C. reputation ... consideration      D. behavior ... adjustment

12. The flexibility of film allows the artist ________ unbridled imagination to the animation of cartoon characters.

A. to bring    B. bringing    C. bring    D. brought

13. Their movements have been severely circumscribed __________.

A. because the laws came into effect          B. since the laws came into effect

C. when the laws came into effect            D. after the laws came into effect

14. It would be difficult for a man of his political affiliation, __________, to become a senator from the South.

A. though charming and capable is he

B. even with charm and so capable

C. charming and having capability

D. however charming and capable

15. Although she __________ law for only a little over eight years, Florence Allen became in 1922 the first woman to sit on a state supreme court.

A. will practice   B. practices   C. had practiced   D. has been practiced

16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for __________ with which to regulate them.

A. more accurate than sundials      B. more accurate sundials

C. sundials more accurately        D. more accurately than sundials

17. Several surgeons cautioned against __________ the new procedure, __________that patient had been kept in the dark too long about its possible catastrophic consequences.

A. publicizing ...adding       B. adopting ... complaining

C. revising ... advocating      D. eschewing ... pondering

18. Our friends are expected to assume the burden of their own defense, __________ they are competent to do.

A. which we are certain   B. that we are certain of

C. of which we are sure   D. for which we are sure

19. Families like __________ Rockefellers have become synonymous with wealth.

A. a   B. an   C. the   D. /

20. People believe in the resurrection of __________ of a soul which will experience good or evil according to the life.

A. the dead of the possession     B. the deaths and possession

C. deaths and possessions        D. the dead and the possession

21. “How did you pay these workers?”

   “Well, as a rule, they were paid __________”

A. by hours    B. by the hour    C. by an hour    D. by a hour

22. As Socrates was a man of much dignity, with an ________face, it was _______ to say whether he felt inwardly glad that the end had finally come, or felt sad over the result, and was too manly to show it.

A. obtuse ... difficult               B. unassuming ... intriguing

C. impassible ... impossible         D. authoritative ... challenging

23. “Did Hana say anything about me in her letter?”

   “Only that she'd appreciate __________ from you.”

A. to hear    B. hearing    C. to have heard    D. to be heard

24. The university of Georigia, __________ in 1785, was the first state-supported university in the united states.

A. chartered  B. was chartered    C. it was chartered    D. to be chartered

25. The impact of Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” might not have been so far-reaching, __________ for Elizabeth Peabody, who dared to publish the controversial essay.

A. it not having been      B. it is not being

C. had it not been         D. is it not being

26. In her writing, Elinor Wylle often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than __________.

A. as others defined it      B. other's definitions

C. its definition by others   D. it was defined by others

27. A clever bit of artistry, instead of lengthening the distance between us __________ and the exalted artist, __________ it.

A. layman ... attenuates     B. dilettantes ... repeals

C. knaves ... estimates      D. critics ... advertises

28. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart __________wonders, the unfailing __________ what’s next and the joy of the game of living.

A. the lure for ... appetite of     B. the lure of... appetite for

C. the lure of ... appetite of      D. the lure for ... appetite for

29. The significant __________ found on an old key—“If I rest, I rust” —would be an excellent motto for those who are afflicted with the slightest bit of idleness.

A. inscription       B. description      C. inscript     D. describing

30. It is hard to__________ all the work that must have been involved in starting off from scratch.

A. conceive for    B. conceive as    C. conceive at    D. conceive of

II. Reading Comprehension (40%)

Directions: This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there is one passage followed by a total of 5 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.

Section A  Multiple-Choice Questions (30%)

Passage 1

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas. Both exports and imports showed spectacular growth, particularly in England and France. An increasingly larger portion of the stepped-up commercial activity was the result of trade with overseas colonies. Imports included a variety of new beverages, spices, and ship’s goods around the world and brought money flowing back. Europe’s economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more.

The breakthrough came in Great Britain, where several economic advantages created a climate especially favorable to the encouragement of new technology. One was its geographic location at the crossroads of international trade. Internally, Britain was endowed with easily navigable natural waterway, which helped its trade and communication with the world. Beginning in the 1770’s, it enjoyed a boom in canal building, which helped make its domestic market more accessible. Because water transportation was the cheapest means of carrying goods to market, canals reduced prices and thus increased consumer demand. Great Britain also had rich deposits of coal that fed the factories springing up in industrial and consumer goods.

Another advantage was Britain’s large population of rural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had the potential of being more mobile than peasants of some other countries. Eventually they found their way to the cities or mining communities and provided the human power upon which the Industrial Revolution was built. The British people were also consumers; the absence of internal tariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe. Britain’s relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress.

31. The word “potential” in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to ________.

A. rate    B. dominance    C. capacity    D. method

32. According to paragraph 1, all of the following conditions created a favorable environment for the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT ________.

A. an active overseas trade

B. the stability of financial establishments

C. a decline in the types of goods available for export

D. the accessibility of money for investment

33. According to paragraph 2, what enabled the development of British technology?

A. an accessible water transportation system

B. a mild climate and plenty of fresh water.

C. a fuel supply that supported industrial growth.

D. Both A and C.

34. Paragraph 3 suggests that the Industrial Revolution did not originate outside Great Britain because ________.

A. the labor force in other countries could not as easily relocate to cities.

B. workers in other countries preferred working independently rather than in groups.

C. there was a lack of cooperation between agricultural and cottage workers

in other countries.

D. governments in other countries placed limits on economic gain.

35. The phrase “conducive to” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.

A. controlled by ….B. favorable to ….C. restricted to ….D. dependent on

Passage 2

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. Feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even "rest" are carried out while in constant motion. As a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming "machines" is adapted to enhance their ability to swim.

Many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft. Though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved their “high-tech” designs long ago.

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. Their bodies are sleek and compact. The body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. Most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. They are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason.

Tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. The long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water. Many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose.

Most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. Although most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. The keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance. Again, supersonic jets have similar features.

Because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. Accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. In fact, tunas must swim to breathe. They must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant.

36. The word “enhance” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.

A. use           B. improve          C. counteract              D. balance

37. Why does the author mention that Airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight?   

A. To show that air resistance and water resistance work differently from

each other.

B. To argue that some fishes are better designed than airplanes are.

C. To provide evidence that airplane engineers have studied the design of

fish bodies.

D. To demonstrate a similarity in design between certain fishes and airplanes.

38. The word “sophisticated” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ________.

A. complex        B. amazing        C. creative     D. practical

39. According to paragraph 4, the long bills of marlins, sailfish, and swordfish probably help these fishes by ________.

A. increasing their ability to defend themselves

B. allowing them to change direction easily

C. increasing their ability to detect odors

D. reducing water resistance as they swim

40. According to the passage, which of the following is one of the reasons that tunas are in constant motion?

A. They lack a swim bladder.

B. They need to suck in more water than other fishes do.

C. They have large muscles for breathing.

D. They cannot open their mouths unless they are in motion.

Passage 3

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:

Under the right circumstances, choosing to spend time alone can be a huge psychological blessing. In the 1980s, the Italian journalist and author Tiziano Terzani, after many years of reporting across Asia, holed himself up in a cabin in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. “For a month I had no one to talk to except my dog Baoli,” he wrote in his book A Fortune Teller Told Me. Terzani passed the time with books, observing nature, “listening to the winds in the trees, watching butterflies, enjoying silence.” For the first time in a long while he felt free from the unending anxieties of daily life: “At last I had time to have time.”

Terzani’s embrace of isolation was relatively unusual: humans have long considered solitude an inconvenience, something to avoid, a punishment, a realm of loners. Science has often associated it with negative outcomes. Freud, who linked solitude with anxiety, noted that, “in children the first fears relating to situations are those of darkness and solitude.” John Cacioppo, a modern social neuro-scientist who has extensively studied loneliness – what he calls “chronic perceived isolation” – contends that, beyond damaging our thinking powers, isolation can even harm our physical health. But increasingly scientists are approaching solitude as something that, when pursued by choice, can prove a therapy.

This is especially true in times of personal disorder, when the instinct is often for people to reach outside of themselves for support. “When people are experiencing crisis it’s not always just about you: It’s about how you are in society,” explains Jack Fong, a sociologist at California State Polytechnic University who has studied solitude.

In other words, when people remove themselves from the social context of their lives, they are better able to see how they’re shaped by that context. Thomas Merton, a monk and writer who spent years alone, held a similar notion. “We cannot see things in perspective until we cease to hug them to our breast,” he writes in Thoughts in Solitude. “People can go for a walk or listen to music and feel that they are deeply in touch with themselves.”

41. Tiziano Terzani spent a month alone to _______.

　　A. embrace isolation

　　B. write a book

　　C. study butterflies

　　D. look after his dog

42. The word “solitude” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.

　　A. growing anxious

　　B. being helpless

　　C. feeling empty

　　D. staying alone

43. The opinions of Freud and Cacioppo are cited to show that _______.

　　A. children tend to fear darkness and solitude

　　B. solitude pursued by choice can be a therapy.

　　C. chronic isolation can harm interpersonal relations

D. solitude has long been linked with negative outcomes.

44. According to Jack Fong, the sense of personal crisis may be influenced by _______.

A. an isolated lifestyle

B. social context

C. low self-esteem

D. mental disorder

45. The main idea of the passage is that _______.

　　A. solitude should be avoided at all costs.

　　B. anxieties of daily life may cause personal crisis

　　C. choosing to spend time alone can be a blessing

　　D. seeking support is useless for tackling personal crisis.

Section B Short-Answer Questions (10%)

Passage 4

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:

For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer—lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.

Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid ￡1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his ‘dictionary workshop’.

James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up. Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the Dictionary was still in preparation.

The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand), Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law—according to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.

After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. ‘This very noble work,’ wrote the leading Italian lexicographer, ‘will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe.’ The fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was cause for much English celebration.

Johnson had worked for nine years, ‘with little assistance of the learned, and without any patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words, ‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the significations of English words’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which, in James Boswell’s words, ‘conferred stability on the language of his country’.

The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on, he was to become the Johnson of folklore.

46. What was the main purpose of Robert Cawdray’s dictionary?

47. What led to an increased demand for dictionaries?

48. What does the word “vicissitudes” mean in this context?

49. Why was Johnson’s Dictionary not seriously rivalled for over a century?

50. How do you describe Dr. Samuel Johnson?

III. Writing (30%)

Directions: In this part you are going to write an essay of about 400-500 words within 60 minutes on the following topic. Write your essay on the Answer Sheet.

On Artificial Intelligence

In March 2016, AlphaGo, a computer program that plays the board game Go, beat Lee Sedol in a five-game match. In recognition of the victory, AlphaGo was awarded an honorary 9-dan by the Korea Baduk Association. At the 2017 Future of Go Summit, AlphaGo beat Ke Jie, the world No.1 ranked player at the time, in a three-game match. After this, AlphaGo was awarded professional 9-dan by the Chinese Weiqi Association.

Considering the development of artificial intelligence, what is your opinion of the above events? In your essay, you need to present your idea clearly and use some specific evidence to support you opinion.